The Fiscal Cost of Trade Liberalization

Preferential Trade Liberalization:

Trade Liberalization and Employment

This paper reviews both multi-country and country studies on the impact of trade liberalization on growth and employment in developing countries. These studies reveal sharply contrasting effects of trade liberalization on employment, suggesting that country-specifi c and contingent factors are important. In particular, differences in how trade liberalization is implemented are particularly impo...

Perpetual Trade Liberalization

If the costs of going back on previously agreed tari¤ reductions are high relative to the terms of trade gains, then the multilateral liberalization process becomes ‘perpetual’. Perpetual trade liberalization has two unique characteristics. (i) No ‘e¢cient’ tari¤ level exists at which liberalization stops. (ii) Some liberalization must occur in every period. International agreements and institu...

The Impact of Trade Liberalization on the Ratio of Educated Labor Demand

Today with obsolescence policy of import substitution industrialization, countries are opening their commercial doors to each other. But one of the problems of developing countries is high rate of educated unemployed people. Iran is facing tow phenomena. The first is High rate of educated unemployed people and the second is the increasing in the participation rate. In this survey with informati...

Projecting the Effects of Agricultural Trade Liberalization on Trade ,

Integration into the world economy has accelerated economic growth in many developing countries, providing an essential impetus to poverty reduction (IMF 2001). Continuing growth and integration of world markets, however, has reduced the distinction between domestic and international policies and provoked criticism of the trade-restricting measures of developed countries. The highly protected a...